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Ocular ischemic syndrome is the constellation of ocular signs and symptoms secondary to severe, chronic arterial hypoperfusion to the eye. [1] Amaurosis fugax is a form of acute vision loss caused by reduced blood flow to the eye; it may be a warning sign of an impending stroke, as both stroke and retinal artery occlusion can be caused by thromboembolism due to atherosclerosis elsewhere in the ...
Because the onset of Dominant optic atrophy is insidious, symptoms are often not noticed by the patients in its early stages and are picked up by chance in routine school eye screenings. The first signs of DOA typically present between 6–10 years of age, though presentation at as early as 1 year of age has been reported.
The recurrence rate of NAION in the same eye is approximately 6.4%. [51] Data from the trial estimate this risk at about 15% over 5 years. In cases where the second eye also experiences NAION, there is no clear consensus regarding the correlation between the final visual outcomes. [52] [53]
Since arteritic AION is similar in presentation to non-arteritic AION, patients over the age of 50 diagnosed with NAION must be evaluated to exclude AAION (symptoms: painful jaw muscle spasms, scalp tenderness, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, myalgias and loss of appetite); NAION patients over the age of 75 should always be tested.
When ION occurs in patients below the age of 50 years old, other causes should be considered, such as juvenile diabetes mellitus, antiphospholipid antibody-associated clotting disorders, collagen-vascular disease, and migraines. Rarely, complications of intraocular surgery or acute blood loss may cause an ischemic event in the optic nerve. [2]
PION most commonly affects the elderly. The mean patient age was 62 years in one series (range 18 to 90 years).The mean age varies by etiology category; patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) are older (mean 78 years, range 50 to 82 years), while those with PION in the setting of spine surgery are younger on average. [25]
Prognosis depends on the location of the bleed, the amount of bleeding, the rate of clearing of blood, whether the blood is affecting visual acuity, complications (such as corneal staining, retinal detachment, pre-retinal fibrosis, ischemic optic atrophy, or glaucoma), and the severity of involvement of the macular region.
Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (arteritic AION, A-AION or AAION) is vision loss that occurs in giant cell arteritis (also known as temporal arteritis).Temporal arteritis is an inflammatory disease of medium-sized blood vessels that happens especially with advancing age.
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