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Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forces such as pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the ...
Membranes have to provide enough mass transfer area to process large amounts of feed stream. The selected membrane has to have high selectivity properties for certain particles; it has to resist fouling and to have high mechanical stability. It also needs to be reproducible and to have low manufacturing costs.
NanoH2O Inc. commercialized a membrane in which zeolite nanoparticles were synthesized and embedded within an RO membrane to form a thin-film nanocomposite, or TFN, which has proven to be more than 50-100% more permeable compared to conventional RO membranes while maintaining the same level of salt rejection. [12] Fuel-cells. Batteries.
Cross-flow membrane filtration technology has been used widely in industry around the globe. Filtration membranes can be polymeric or ceramic, depending upon the application. The principles of cross-flow filtration are used in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration. When purifying water, it can be very cost ...
Membrane fouling is a process whereby a solution or a particle is deposited on a membrane surface or in membrane pores in a processes such as in a membrane bioreactor, [1] reverse osmosis, [2] forward osmosis, [3] membrane distillation, [4] ultrafiltration, microfiltration, or nanofiltration [5] so that the membrane's performance is degraded.
Ultrafiltration removes particles higher than 0.005-2 μm and operates within a range of 70-700kPa. [4] Ultrafiltration is used for many of the same applications as microfiltration. Some ultrafiltration membranes have also been used to remove dissolved compounds with high molecular weight, such as proteins and carbohydrates.
All of the strategies work by increasing eddies and generating a high shear in the flow near the membrane surface. Some of these strategies include vibrating the membrane, rotating the membrane, having a rotor disk above the membrane, pulsing the feed flow rate and introducing gas bubbling close to the surface of the membrane. [10] [11] [12]
In ultrafiltration, the molecular weight cut-off or MWCO of a membrane refers to the lowest molecular weight of the solute (in daltons) for which 90% of the solute is retained by (prevented from passing through) the membrane, [1] or the molecular weight of the molecule (e.g. globular protein) that is 90% retained by the membrane.
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