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Braj Kachru divides the use of English into three concentric circles. [8]The inner circle is the traditional base of English and includes countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland and the anglophone populations of the former British colonies of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and various islands of the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.
Merchants and lower-ranked nobles were often bilingual in Anglo-Norman and English, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Middle English was influenced by both Anglo-Norman, and later Anglo-French. See characteristics of the Anglo-Norman language. The percentage of modern English words derived from each language group:
The Turkish language has become more open to English influences due to Turkey's Westernisation in the early 20th century and adoption of the Latin alphabet. [ 39 ] Because English is among the most common languages in Israel, it has also influenced Modern Hebrew , [ 40 ] though it has less presence in the Arab areas. [ 41 ]
Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. [26] [4] English was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions.
De Swaan's analysis of the world language system, which is arguably the most common analysis, distinguishes between five different types of languages, one of which is "English as global lingua franca. [2]" English is “hypercentral” to globalization as a result of both its common international use and its “highly prized” nature. [2]
The modern Frisian language is the closest-sounding language to the English used approximately 2,000 years ago, when the people from what is now the north of the Netherlands travelled to what would become England, and pushed the Celtic language—ancestor of modern Welsh— to the western side of the island. Words like "blue" can be recognised ...
English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a global means of inter-community communication" [1] [2] [full citation needed] and can be understood as "any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option".
The occasional passionate plea is made to promote HEL—J. E. Graves notes in a 1956 article in College English that proper courses in HEL are necessary for any future English teacher, and bemoans the perceived shoving aside of "language study in high school with non-rigorous semantics and 'learning situations.'" [4] One such plea came in 1961 ...