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Special projections include a Lateral with Flexion and Extension of the cervical spine, an Axial for C1-C2 (Fuchs or Judd method), and an AP Axial (Caudad) for articular pillars. Thoracic Spine - AP and Lateral in the UK. [15] In the US, an AP and Lateral are basic projections.
Like all methods of radiography, chest radiography employs ionizing radiation in the form of X-rays to generate images of the chest. The mean radiation dose to an adult from a chest radiograph is around 0.02 mSv (2 mrem ) for a front view (PA, or posteroanterior) and 0.08 mSv (8 mrem) for a side view (LL, or latero-lateral). [ 1 ]
A transverse plane (also known as axial or horizontal plane) is parallel to the ground; it separates the superior from the inferior, or the head from the feet. The transverse planes identified in Terminologia Anatomica are the transpyloric plane , the subcostal plane , the transumbilical (or umbilical) plane , the supracristal plane , the ...
Modern procedures for critical plane analysis trace back to research published in 1973 in which M. W. Brown and K. J. Miller observed that fatigue life under multiaxial conditions is governed by the experience of the plane receiving the most damage, and that both tension and shear loads on the critical plane must be considered.
The method of discrete ordinates, or the S n method, is one way to approximately solve the RTE by discretizing both the xyz-domain and the angular variables that specify the direction of radiation. The methods were developed by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar when he was working on radiative transfer.
The adjoint state method is a numerical method for efficiently computing the gradient of a function or operator in a numerical optimization problem. [1] It has applications in geophysics, seismic imaging, photonics and more recently in neural networks. [2] The adjoint state space is chosen to simplify the physical interpretation of equation ...
Taylor dispersion quantifies this axial diffusion process for large . Suppose t ∼ 1 / ϵ ≫ 1 {\displaystyle t\sim 1/\epsilon \gg 1} (i.e., times large in comparison with the radial diffusion time a 2 / D {\displaystyle a^{2}/D} ), where ϵ ≪ 1 {\displaystyle \epsilon \ll 1} is a small number.
Trilinear interpolation is a method of multivariate interpolation on a 3-dimensional regular grid. It approximates the value of a function at an intermediate point ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle (x,y,z)} within the local axial rectangular prism linearly, using function data on the lattice points.