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Schuller's view is a lateral radiographic view of skull principally used for viewing mastoid cells. [1] The central beam of X-rays passes from one side of the head and is at an angle of 25° caudad to the radiographic plate. This angulation prevents overlap of images of the two mastoid bones. The radiograph for each mastoid is taken separately.
Orbitomeatal line is a positioning line used in radiography of the skull. [1] It passes through the outer canthus of the eye and the center of the external auditory meatus.It is used for positioning the patient for different radiographic views including Water's view, Perorbital view, Lateral view, and others.
Waters' view (also known as the occipitomental view or parietoacanthial projection) is a radiographic view of the skull. It is commonly used to get a better view of the maxillary sinuses. An x-ray beam is angled at 45° to the orbitomeatal line. The rays pass from behind the head and are perpendicular to the radiographic plate.
Caldwell's view (or Occipitofrontal view) is a radiographic view of the skull where the X-ray plate is perpendicular to the orbitomeatal line. The rays pass from behind the head and are angled at 15-20° to the radiographic plate. It is commonly used to get better view of the ethmoid and frontal sinuses. [1]
Squier argued that the brain was injected with a tool called a burin which was used on woods and metals before. Traces showed human hand prints. He concluded that the skull and brain evidenced recovery from prehistoric brain surgery, potentially prolonging the patient's life. [5] Metallurgy was a technique that allowed the use of saws and ...
Detail from The Extraction of the Stone of Madness, a painting by Hieronymus Bosch depicting trepanation (c. 1488–1516). Trepanning, also known as trepanation, trephination, trephining or making a burr hole (the verb trepan derives from Old French from Medieval Latin trepanum from Greek trúpanon, literally "borer, auger"), [1] [2] is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or ...
Charles Hard Townes (July 28, 1915 – January 27, 2015) was an American physicist. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Townes worked on the theory and application of the maser , for which he obtained the fundamental patent, and other work in quantum electronics associated with both maser and laser devices.
Reid's base line is used for an unambiguous definition of the orientation of the human skull in conventional radiography, computer tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. [1]