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An algebraic number is a number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with integer (or, equivalently, rational) coefficients. For example, the golden ratio, (+) /, is an algebraic number, because it is a root of the polynomial x 2 − x − 1. That is, it is a value for x for which the polynomial evaluates to zero.
Such a number is algebraic and can be expressed as the sum of a rational number and the square root of a rational number. Constructible number: A number representing a length that can be constructed using a compass and straightedge. Constructible numbers form a subfield of the field of algebraic numbers, and include the quadratic surds.
If x is an algebraic number then a n x is an algebraic integer, where x satisfies a polynomial p(x) with integer coefficients and where a n x n is the highest-degree term of p(x). The value y = a n x is an algebraic integer because it is a root of q(y) = a n − 1 n p(y /a n), where q(y) is a monic polynomial with integer coefficients.
Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers , finite fields , and function fields .
Algebraic number theory applies algebraic methods and principles to this field of inquiry. Examples are the use of algebraic expressions to describe general laws, like Fermat's Last Theorem, and of algebraic structures to analyze the behavior of numbers, such as the ring of integers. [127]
Note that if K is Galois over then either r 1 = 0 or r 2 = 0.. Other ways of determining r 1 and r 2 are . use the primitive element theorem to write = (), and then r 1 is the number of conjugates of α that are real, 2r 2 the number that are complex; in other words, if f is the minimal polynomial of α over , then r 1 is the number of real roots and 2r 2 is the number of non-real complex ...
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
In mathematics, particularly in algebraic geometry, complex analysis and algebraic number theory, an abelian variety is a smooth projective algebraic variety that is also an algebraic group, i.e., has a group law that can be defined by regular functions. Abelian varieties are at the same time among the most studied objects in algebraic geometry ...
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