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  2. Ionosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere

    Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...

  3. Ionospheric heater - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionospheric_heater

    This gives an energy density in the ionosphere that is less than 1/100 of the thermal energy density of the ionospheric plasma itself. [1] The power flux may also be compared with the solar flux at the Earth's surface of about 1.5 kW/m 2. During aurora generally no ionospheric effects can be observed with the HF pump facilities as the radio ...

  4. High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active...

    Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Tromsø, Norway. There ...

  5. Atmospheric electricity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity

    The movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit. Atmospheric electricity is an interdisciplinary topic with a long history, involving concepts from electrostatics , atmospheric physics , meteorology and Earth science .

  6. Whoopsie, SpaceX Blew Up Two Rockets and Punched a ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/whoopsie-spacex-blew-two-rockets...

    SpaceX’s rocket explosion in November 2023 created a massive hole in the Earth's ionosphere, providing scientists with a rare opportunity to study its effects.

  7. Space weather - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weather

    Total Electron Content (TEC) is a measure of the ionosphere over a given location. TEC is the number of electrons in a column one meter square from the base of the ionosphere (around 90 km altitude) to the top of the ionosphere (around 1000 km altitude). Many TEC measurements are made by monitoring the two frequencies transmitted by GPS ...

  8. Birkeland current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkeland_current

    Schematic of the Birkeland or Field-Aligned Currents and the ionospheric current systems they connect to, Pedersen and Hall currents. [1]A Birkeland current (also known as field-aligned current, FAC) is a set of electrical currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth's magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere.

  9. I toured an Air Force One plane used by 4 US presidents ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/toured-air-force-one-plane...

    Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon used an Air Force One plane known as SAM 970. The first jet-powered presidential aircraft featured an office and a safe for the nuclear codes ...