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A history of Irish education: a study in conflicting loyalties (Cork, 1971). Dowling, Patrick J. The Hedge Schools of Ireland (1998). Farren, Sean. The politics of Irish education 1920-65 (Belfast, 1995). Loxley, Andrew, and Aidan Seery, eds. Higher Education in Ireland: Practices, Policies and Possibilities (2014) Luce, J. V. (1992).
The Irish were the most influential ethnic group regarding the initial waves of immigration to the United States and of Americanization. Newly arrived immigrants in American cities had a hard time avoiding the Irish. There was no way around the Irish for the newcomers, as the Irish were present in every aspect of American working-class society.
The first printing press in Ireland was established in 1551, [1] the first Irish-language book was printed in 1571 and Trinity College Dublin was established in 1592. [2] The Education Act 1695 prohibited Irish Catholics from running Catholic schools in Ireland or seeking a Catholic education abroad, until its repeal in 1782. [3]
The African American Irish Diaspora Network is an organization founded in 2020 that is dedicated to Black Irish Americans and their history and culture. Black Irish American activists and scholars have pushed to increase awareness of Black Irish history and advocate for greater inclusion of Black people within the Irish-American community. [233]
Lace curtain Irish and shanty Irish are terms that were commonly used in the 19th and 20th centuries to categorize Irish people, particularly Irish Americans, by social class. The "lace curtain Irish" were those who were well-off, while the "shanty Irish" were the poor, who were presumed to live in shanties , or roughly built cabins.
America and the Fight for Irish Freedom 1866–1922 (1957) excerpt; Ward, Alan J. "America and the Irish Problem 1899–1921." Irish Historical Studies (1968): 64–90. in JSTOR; Whelan, Bernadette. De Valera and Roosevelt: Irish and American Diplomacy in Times of Crisis, 1932–1939 (Cambridge University Press, 2020) online review
The Irish were thought of as the most barbarous people in Europe, and such ideas were modified to compare the Scottish Highlands or Gàidhealtachd where traditionally Scottish Gaelic is spoken to medieval Ireland. [9] To prevent the English from integrating into Irish society, the Parliament passed the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1366. [10]
Ireland and Irish America: Culture, Class, and Transatlantic Migration. Field Day Publications. 2008. ISBN 978-0-946755-39-4. Kerby A. Miller, ed. (2003). Irish Immigrants in the Land of Canaan: Letters and Memoirs from Colonial and Revolutionary America, 1675-1815. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515489-4.