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Industrial relations examines various employment situations, not just ones with a unionized workforce. However, according to Bruce E. Kaufman, "To a large degree, most scholars regard trade unionism, collective bargaining and labour–management relations, and the national labour policy and labour law within which they are embedded, as the core subjects of the field."
James argued in The Black Jacobins that most of the techniques of human organisation employed on factory workers during the industrial revolution were first developed on slave plantations. [ 9 ] For Marxists, labour-as-commodity, which is how they regard wage labour, [ 10 ] provides a fundamental point of attack against capitalism. [ 11 ] "
In sociology, an industrial society is a society driven by the use of technology and machinery to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour. Such a structure developed in the Western world in the period of time following the Industrial Revolution , and replaced the agrarian societies of ...
The Industrial Relations Act 1971 (c. 72) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, since repealed. It was based on proposals outlined in the governing Conservative Party's manifesto for the 1970 general election. The goal was to stabilize industrial relations by forcing concentration of bargaining power and responsibility in the ...
Illustration of Industry 4.0, showing the four "industrial revolutions" with a brief English description. Industrial sociology, until recently a crucial research area within the field of sociology of work, examines "the direction and implications of trends in technological change, globalization, labour markets, work organization, managerial practices and employment relations" to "the extent to ...
Modern industrial economies have adopted several aspects of industrial democracy to improve productivity and as reformist measures against industrial disputes. Often referred to as "teamworking", this form of industrial democracy has been practiced in Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK as well as in several Japanese companies such ...
In the context of labour economics, inequality is usually referring to the unequal distribution of earning between households. [1] Inequality is commonly measured by economists using the Gini coefficient. This coefficient does not have a concrete meaning but is more used as a way to compare inequality across regions.
This particular act greatly influenced industrial relations and employment law in the United States, Australia (an 1845 act), Canada (1847), New Zealand (1856) and South Africa (1856). These acts are generally regarded as heavily biased towards employers, designed to discipline employees and repress the "combination" of workers in trade unions .