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The impressment of seamen from American ships caused serious tensions between Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in the years leading up to the Revolutionary War. One of the 27 colonial grievances enumerated in the Declaration of Independence directly highlights the practice. [2] It was again a cause of tension leading up to the War of 1812.
The war in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the British did not consider the War of 1812 against the United States as more than a sideshow. [283] Britain's blockade of French trade had worked and the Royal Navy was the world's dominant nautical power (and remained so for another century).
Americans declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812, for a combination of reasons—outrage at the impressment (seizure) of thousands of American sailors, frustration at British restrictions on neutral trade while Britain warred with France, and anger at British military support for hostile tribes in the Ohio-Indiana-Michigan area. After war was ...
The desire for expansion into the Northwest Territory, the capture and impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy along with British alliance with, and recruitment of, American Indian tribes against America, were all events that led into the War of 1812. [124] Intended to avoid war, the Embargo Act only compounded matters that led to war.
However, as Madison suspected, Napoleon's purpose was manipulative. When Britain threatened to impose punitive measures on the United States in response, Napoleon reneged anyway, having achieved his goal of pushing the United States and Britain closer to the eventual War of 1812. [3]
The War of 1812 : writings from America's second war of independence (2013), primary sources online free to borrow; Horsman, Reginald. The Causes of the War of 1812 (1962). Kaplan, Lawrence S. "France and Madison's Decision for War 1812," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 50, No. 4. (Mar., 1964), pp. 652–671. in JSTOR
A group of congressmen, known as the "War Hawks", were a key driving force of the War of 1812. [9] The War Hawks efforts ultimately persuaded President James Madison to declare war on the United Kingdom. [9] This young group, composed of mainly people from Southern and Western States was led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
The War of 1812: Conflict for a Continent (Cambridge Essential Histories, 2012) brief overview by New Zealand scholar; Tucker, Spencer C., ed. The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (3 vol: ABC-CLIO, 2012), 1034pp. Zuehlke, Mark. For Honour's Sake: The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace. (2007) by Canadian military historian.