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Perhaps the most notable issue here was the nature of truth, which both Kuhn and Foucault described as a relative and contingent notion. On this background, ongoing work in the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) and the history and philosophy of science (HPS) was able to assert its epistemological consequences, leading most notably to the ...
[15]: 9–10 Where Parsons and Habermas concluded that culturally accredited institutions legitimize value-rational ends, Dewey concluded that they are often contaminated instrumental valuations—flawed inductive generalizations—that should be reconstructed rather than treated as moral affirmations of rational action.
Although he never used the words "collective action problem", Thomas Hobbes was an early philosopher on the topic of human cooperation. Hobbes believed that people act purely out of self-interest, writing in Leviathan in 1651 that "if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies."
An alternative definition of Hume's law is that "If P implies Q, and Q is moral, then P is moral". This interpretation -driven definition avoids a loophole with the principle of explosion . [ 6 ] Other versions state that the is–ought gap can technically be formally bridged without a moral premise, but only in ways that are formally "vacuous ...
After examining content analysis and experimental data on poverty and other political issues, Iyengar concludes that episodic news frames divert citizens' attributions of political responsibility away from society and political elites, making them less likely to support government efforts to address those issue and obscuring the connections ...
The sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) is the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing with "the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structures and processes of scientific activity." [1] The sociology of scientific ignorance (SSI) is complementary to the sociology of scientific knowledge.
In sociology, norms are seen as rules that bind an individual's actions to a specific sanction in one of two forms: a punishment or a reward. [53] Through regulation of behavior, social norms create unique patterns that allow for distinguishing characteristics to be made between social systems. [ 53 ]
In sociology, anomie or anomy (/ ˈ æ n ə m i /) is a social condition defined by an uprooting or breakdown of any moral values, standards or guidance for individuals to follow. [1] [2] Anomie is believed to possibly evolve from conflict of belief systems [3] and causes breakdown of social bonds between an individual and the community (both economic and primary socialization).