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The Leuckart reaction is the chemical reaction that converts aldehydes or ketones to amines by reductive amination in the presence of heat. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The reaction, named after Rudolf Leuckart , uses either ammonium formate or formamide as the nitrogen donor and reducing agent . [ 3 ]
Structure of [ZnBr 3 (η 1-acetone)] −. In monometallic complexes, aldehydes and ketones can bind to metals in either of two modes, η 1-O-bonded and η 2-C,O-bonded. These bonding modes are sometimes referred to sigma- and pi-bonded. These forms may sometimes interconvert.
Reaction mechanism for the amine formation from a carboxylic acid via Schmidt reaction. In the reaction mechanism for the Schmidt reaction of ketones, the carbonyl group is activated by protonation for nucleophilic addition by the azide, forming azidohydrin 3, which loses water in an elimination reaction to diazoiminium 5.
Proton transfer from the nucleophile (Z) to the leaving group (X) gives 4, which then collapses to eject the protonated leaving group (H−X), giving protonated carbonyl compound 5. The loss of a proton gives the substitution product, 6. Because the last step involves the loss of a proton, nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions are considered ...
The reaction of a substituted amide with phosphorus oxychloride gives a substituted chloroiminium ion (2), also called the Vilsmeier reagent. The initial product is an iminium ion (4b), which is hydrolyzed to the corresponding ketone or aldehyde during workup. [7] The Vilsmeier–Haack reaction
A typical reaction involving two ketones is that between acetophenone as the enol and acetone: [7] Mukaiyama aldol between two ketones. Ketone reactions of this type require higher reaction temperatures. For this work Mukaiyama was inspired by earlier work done by Georg Wittig in 1966 on crossed aldol reactions with lithiated imines.
An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), and this is then followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone. The overall reaction equation is as follows (where the Rs can be H)
The aldol reaction (aldol addition) is a reaction in organic chemistry that combines two carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes or ketones) to form a new β-hydroxy carbonyl compound. Its simplest form might involve the nucleophilic addition of an enolized ketone to another: