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A functional test consists of a set of Functional Test Cases (FTC). FTC are system tests used to verify that FR are satisfied by the system. Black-box testing is the software analog to FTC. At the end of the system development, a functional test verifies that the requirements of the system are met.
Test coverage refers to the percentage of software requirements that are tested by black-box testing for a system or application. [7] This is in contrast with code coverage , which examines the inner workings of a program and measures the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a test suite is run. [ 8 ]
Software testing can often be divided into white-box and black-box. These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that the tester takes when designing test cases. A hybrid approach called grey-box that includes aspects of both boxes may also be applied to software testing methodology. [31] [32]
The concept of the black box is also important in actor–network theory as it relates to simplification. As Michel Callon notes, an actor-network is a system of discrete entities or nodes, while the reality that it represents is theoretically infinite. Therefore, in order to describe something in terms of an actor-network, complex systems must ...
An intermediate state is a "gray box" state in which our knowledge of the system structure is incomplete. Sometimes, it is even more convenient to design a controller without explicitly identifying a model of the system, but directly working on experimental data. This is the case of direct data-driven control systems.
The open systems theory is the foundation of black box theory. Both have focus on input and output flows, representing exchanges with the surroundings. In systems theory, the black box is an abstraction representing a class of concrete open system which can be viewed solely in terms of its stimuli inputs and output reactions:
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119 Software and systems engineering -- Software testing [1] is a series of five international standards for software testing.First developed in 2007 [2] and released in 2013, the standard "defines vocabulary, processes, documentation, techniques, and a process assessment model for testing that can be used within any software development lifecycle."