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Orthogonal array testing is a systematic and statistically-driven black-box testing technique employed in the field of software testing. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This method is particularly valuable in scenarios where the number of inputs to a system is substantial enough to make exhaustive testing impractical.
Test coverage refers to the percentage of software requirements that are tested by black-box testing for a system or application. [7] This is in contrast with code coverage , which examines the inner workings of a program and measures the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a test suite is run. [ 8 ]
To find test cases that can cover an appropriate, but finite, number of paths, test criteria are needed to guide the selection. This technique was first proposed by Offutt and Abdurazik in the paper that started model-based testing. [3] Multiple techniques for test case generation have been developed and are surveyed by Rushby. [4]
Software testing can often be divided into white-box and black-box. These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that the tester takes when designing test cases. A hybrid approach called grey-box that includes aspects of both boxes may also be applied to software testing methodology. [31] [32]
A developed black box model is a validated model when black-box testing methods [10] ensures that it is, based solely on observable elements. With back testing, out of time data is always used when testing the black box model. Data has to be written down before it is pulled for black box inputs.
The V-Model demonstrates the relationships between each phase of the development life cycle and its associated phase of testing. The horizontal and vertical axes represent time or project completeness (left-to-right) and level of abstraction (coarsest-grain abstraction uppermost), respectively.
A diagram describing the different methods for identifying systems. In the case of a "white box" we clearly see the structure of the system, and in a "black box" we know nothing about it except how it reacts to input. An intermediate state is a "gray box" state in which our knowledge of the system structure is incomplete.
On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight." [5] Because they do not examine the source code, there are situations when a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case, or leaves some parts of the program untested.