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Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is the poisoning of livestock from toxin contained in bacterially infected annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). The toxin is produced by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus (formerly Clavibacter toxicus ), which is carried into the ryegrass by the nematode Anguina funesta .
[2] [3] It is often called ryegrass, but this term is sometimes used to refer to grasses in other genera. They are characterized by bunch-like growth habits. Lolium is native to Europe , Asia and northern Africa , as well as being cultivated and naturalized in Australia , the Americas , and various oceanic islands.
Lolium multiflorum (Italian rye-grass, [2] annual ryegrass) is a ryegrass native to temperate Europe, though its precise native range is unknown. [3] It is a herbaceous annual, biennial, or perennial grass that is grown for silage, and as a cover crop. [4] [5] It is also grown as an ornamental grass.
According to Ian Heap, a weed specialist, who completed his PhD on resistance to multiple herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in 1988 [189] – the first case of an herbicide-resistant weed in Australia [190] – by 2014 Lolium rigidum was the "world’s worst herbicide-resistant weed" with instances in "12 countries, 11 sites of ...
Annual ryegrass is a common name for several species of ryegrass and may refer to: Lolium multiflorum, known as "annual ryegrass" in the United States, ...
Other land management activities can affect the effectiveness of post fire seeding. Grazing seeded burned areas exacerbates the problem of non-native annual grass invasions, even when conducted after a two-year hiatus. Historic post logging seed treatments had a significant influence on the effectiveness of post Rodeo-Chediski fire seeding.
For example, the Forest Fire Emergency Fund Act of 1908 permitted deficit spending in the case of emergency fire situations. [4] As a result, the U.S. Forest Service was able to acquire a deficit of over $1 million in 1910 due to emergency fire suppression efforts. [4]
All parts of the raw plant are poisonous due to saponins and glycosides such as aesculin, causing nausea, muscle twitches, and sometimes paralysis. [43] Agave spp. century plant, maguey Asparagaceae: The juice of several species causes acute contact dermatitis, with blistering lasting several weeks and recurring itching for several years ...