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The Quran was canonized only after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. According to Islamic tradition the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35 AH/655 CE) established the canonical Qur'an, reportedly starting the process in 644 CE, [6] and completing the work around 650 CE (the exact date was not recorded by early Arab annalists). [7]
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The Cairo edition, published in Egypt in 1924, is the dominant print edition of the Quran today. It follows the Hafs reading. Earlier but lesser-known print editions also once existed, including the Hinckelmann edition , Marracci edition , both from the late 17th century, and notably the Flugel edition , established in 1834 and remaining in use ...
The history of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, is the timeline ranging from the inception of the Quran during the lifetime of Muhammad (believed to have received the Quran through revelation between 610 and 632 CE [1]), to the emergence, transmission, and canonization of its written copies.
L'Alcoran de Mahomet ("The Qur'an of Muhammad") was the third Western translation of the Qur'an, preceded by Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete ("[The] Law of the False Prophet Muhammad") and the translation by Mark of Toledo.
The Quran is divided into chapters , which are then divided into verses . Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by Allah to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel ( Jibril ), [ 4 ] [ 5 ] gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, starting in late 609, when Muhammad was 39, and concluding in 632, the year of his death.
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The work is presented as a review and synthesis of various hypotheses and historical discoveries related to the birth of Islam, the birth of the Quran, its development, its contextual and textual history, the major issues surrounding this text, its writing, propagation, and its canonization into a unique text. [2] [5]