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The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated as CMOS, TCM, or CMS, or sometimes as Chicago [1]) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing. [2]
The work is often referred to as "Turabian" (after the work's original author, Kate L. Turabian) or by the shortened title, A Manual for Writers. [1] The style and formatting of academic works, described within the manual, is commonly referred to as "Turabian style" or "Chicago style" (being based on that of The Chicago Manual of Style).
MLA Style Manual, formerly titled MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing in its second (1998) and third edition (2008), was an academic style guide by the United States–based Modern Language Association of America (MLA) first published in 1985. MLA announced in April 2015 that the publication would be discontinued: the third ...
MLA [6] MLA Handbook MLA Style Manual: Modern Language Association: Humanities: American English [c] style.mla.org: MSTP [14] Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications: Microsoft: Technical writing: American English: MWDEU [15] Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage: Merriam-Webster: Grammar and usage: American English: NHR ...
Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing (APA style, Harvard style, or Chicago style), and author-title or author-page referencing (MLA style or Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the ...
The Chicago Manual of Style is in its 18th edition, while the APA and ASA styles are both in their 7th as of 2025. Many house styles and individual project styles change more frequently, especially for new projects.
In the author–title or author–page method, also referred to as MLA style, the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports, and includes the author's name (a short title only is necessary when there is more than one work by the same author) and a page number where appropriate (Smith ...
Title case or headline case is a style of capitalization used for rendering the titles of published works or works of art in English.When using title case, all words are capitalized, except for minor words (typically articles, short prepositions, and some conjunctions) that are not the first or last word of the title.