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In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium.
The IEEE 802.3 standard, which defines all Ethernet variants, for historical reasons still bore the title "Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specifications" until 802.3-2008, which uses new name "IEEE Standard for Ethernet".
The link layer corresponds to the OSI data link layer and may include similar functions as the physical layer, as well as some protocols of the OSI's network layer. These comparisons are based on the original seven-layer protocol model as defined in ISO 7498, rather than refinements in the internal organization of the network layer.
Geophysics (/ ˌ dʒ iː oʊ ˈ f ɪ z ɪ k s /) is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis.
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface. With an operationally defined thickness between 1 and 1,000 μm (1.0 mm), the SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters.
Scientific modelling is an activity that produces models representing empirical objects, phenomena, and physical processes, to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate.
Geomodelling is related to the concept of Shared Earth Model; [2] which is a multidisciplinary, interoperable and updatable knowledge base about the subsurface. Geomodelling is commonly used for managing natural resources , identifying natural hazards , and quantifying geological processes , with main applications to oil and gas fields ...
NASA true-color image of the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the two fields of geography. [1] [2] [3]Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere geosphere and global flora and fauna patterns ...