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The ancient concept of rule of law can be distinguished from rule by law, according to political science professor Li Shuguang: "The difference ... is that, under the rule of law, the law is preeminent and can serve as a check against the abuse of power. Under rule by law, the law is a mere tool for a government, that suppresses in a legalistic ...
Ethics is defined as, among others, the entirety of rules of proper moral conduct corresponding to the ideology of a particular society or organization (Eduard). Public sector ethics is a broad topic because values and morals vary between cultures.
Constitutionalism refers to the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law, typically embodied in a written constitution. A constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, establishing the structure of government, defining the powers and responsibilities of state institutions, and ...
Aristocracy (rule by law and order, like ideal traditional "benevolent" kingdoms that are not tyrannical) Democracy (rule by pure liberty and equality, like a free citizen) Oligarchy (rule by wealth and market-based-ethics, like a laissez-faire capitalist state) Timocracy (rule by honor and duty, like a "benevolent" military; Sparta as an example)
Under rational-legal authority, legitimacy is seen as coming from a legal order and the laws that have been enacted in it (see also natural law and legal positivism).. Weber defined legal order as a system where the rules are enacted and obeyed as legitimate because they are in line with other laws on how they can be enacted and how they should be obeyed.
Laws concerning relationships between individuals belong to private law. The relationships public law governs are asymmetric and unequalized. Government bodies (central or local) can make decisions about the rights of persons. However, as a consequence of the rule-of-law doctrine, authorities may only act within the law (secundum et intra legem ...
The law is full of vague terms whose application to facts is typically arguable: "due process," "probable cause," "reasonable doubt," "good cause" and countless others.
Political ethics (also known as political morality or public ethics) is the practice of making moral judgments about political action and political agents. [1] It covers two areas: the ethics of process (or the ethics of office), which covers public officials and their methods, [2] [3] and the ethics of policy (or ethics and public policy), which concerns judgments surrounding policies and laws.