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In object-oriented languages, string functions are often implemented as properties and methods of string objects. In functional and list-based languages a string is represented as a list (of character codes), therefore all list-manipulation procedures could be considered string functions.
So, PHP can have non-consecutively numerically indexed arrays. The keys have to be of integer (floating point numbers are truncated to integer) or string type, while values can be of arbitrary types, including other arrays and objects. The arrays are heterogeneous: a single array can have keys of different types.
In addition to support for vectorized arithmetic and relational operations, these languages also vectorize common mathematical functions such as sine. For example, if x is an array, then y = sin (x) will result in an array y whose elements are sine of the corresponding elements of the array x. Vectorized index operations are also supported.
C++11 extended this further, to make classes act identically to POD objects in many more cases. ^c pair only ^d Although Perl doesn't have records, because Perl's type system allows different data types to be in an array, "hashes" (associative arrays) that don't have a variable index would effectively be the same as records.
Array-oriented, function-level, tacit, concurrent No JADE: Application, distributed Yes Yes No No No No No Java: Application, business, client-side, general, mobile development, server-side, web Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Concurrent De facto standard via Java Language Specification JavaScript: Client-side, server-side, web Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
String representation Object copy Value equality Object comparison Hash code Object ID Human-readable Source-compatible ABAP Objects — APL (Dyalog) ⍕x ⎕SRC x ⎕NS x: x = y — C++ x == y [52] pointer to object can be converted into an integer ID: C# x.ToString() x.Clone() x.Equals(y) x.CompareTo(y) x.GetHashCode()
In both languages arrays of reference types are covariant. This means that a String[] array is assignable to variables of Object[], as String is a specialization of (assignable to) Object. In both languages, the arrays will perform a type check when inserting new values, because type safety would otherwise be compromised.
Method chaining is a common syntax for invoking multiple method calls in object-oriented programming languages. Each method returns an object, allowing the calls to be chained together in a single statement without requiring variables to store the intermediate results. [1]