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Three of the major opioid receptors include mu, kappa, delta, and nociception, each playing a role in eliciting the effects associated with opioids. [32] An opioid overdose results from over-activation of these receptors, which can cause permanent brain damage from cerebral hypoxia or neurotoxicity. [33] [7]
Naloxone is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, (–)-naloxone (levonaloxone) and (+)-naloxone (dextronaloxone), only the former of which is active at opioid receptors. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] The drug is highly lipophilic , allowing it to rapidly penetrate the brain and to achieve a far greater brain to serum ratio than that of morphine. [ 77 ]
Drug overdose deaths in the US per 100,000 people by state. [1] [2] A two milligram dose of fentanyl powder (on pencil tip) is a lethal amount for most people.[3]The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has data on drug overdose death rates and totals.
Narcan, which now available over the counter, can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose, including fentanyl. (Illustration: Aisha Yousaf; photos: Getty Images) (Illustration by Aisha Yousaf ...
Narcan, known generically as Naloxone, is an overdose reversal drug that's risen in use as the opioid epidemic has continued to grow. Paramedics have it. Schools have it. But some local experts ...
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As older adults may have multiple concurrent chronic diseases, and the appropriate medications and doses may be different for them, inappropriate prescription may occur. Visiting multiple physicians and obtaining medications with similar drug effects, and self-purchasing medications , can both contribute to polypharmacy in older adults.
The FDA approved an over-the-counter version of the opioid overdose reversal drug naloxone. Narcan is a life-saving drug for people overdosing on opioids.