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The meltable base is usually naturally rich in glycerine, a by-product of saponification that has humectant and emollient properties, whereas commercial soap bars have often had this component removed. As with the rebatching method, it can be considered a misnomer to refer to the melt and pour process as soap making. The process has much in ...
This process is the main industrial method for producing glycerol (C 3 H 5 (OH) 3). Some soap-makers leave the glycerol in the soap. Others precipitate the soap by salting it out with sodium chloride. Skeletal formula of stearin, a triglyceride that is converted by saponification with sodium hydroxide into glycerol and sodium stearate.
A handmade soap bar Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate, a typical ingredient found in bar soaps Emulsifying action of soap on oil. Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. [1]
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Total fatty matter (TFM) is one of the most important characteristics describing the quality of soap and is always specified in commercial transactions. It is defined as the total amount of fatty matter, mostly fatty acids, that can be separated from a sample after splitting with a mineral acid, usually hydrochloric acid.
For example, shark oil is not suitable for soap making as it may contain more than 10% of unsaponifiable matter. [ 11 ] For edible oils, the tolerated limit of unsaponifiable matter is 1.5% (olive, refined soybean), while inferior quality crude or pomace oil could reach 3%.
It is also the main component of soap scum, a white solid that forms when soap is mixed with hard water. Unlike soaps containing sodium and potassium, calcium stearate is insoluble in water and does not lather well. [2] Commercially it is sold as a 50% dispersion in water or as a spray dried powder.
The process for making glycerin soaps was well known as of 1857 in the Western world. [2] In modern industrial soap-making, the glycerin is usually separated from the soap to be resold and used in a wide variety of areas such as for personal care products, pharmaceuticals, chemical intermediates, and food processing.
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