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3D still showing rabies virus structure. Rhabdoviruses have helical symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in shape. They are characterized by an extremely broad host spectrum ranging from plants [citation needed] to insects [citation needed] and mammals; human-infecting viruses more commonly have icosahedral symmetry and take shapes approximating regular polyhedra.
Lyssavirus (from the Greek λύσσα lyssa "rage, fury, rabies" and the Latin vīrus) [1] [2] is a genus of RNA viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. Mammals, including humans, can serve as natural hosts .
Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. [4] It is spread when an infected animal bites or scratches a human or other animals. [ 1 ] Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes, mouth, or nose. [ 1 ]
Rabies has a long history of association with dogs. The first written record of rabies is in the Codex of Eshnunna (c. 1930 BC), which dictates that the owner of a dog showing symptoms of rabies should take preventive measure against bites. If a person was bitten by a rabid dog and later died, the owner was fined heavily.
[2] [3] [4] Diseases associated with member viruses include rabies encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, and flu-like symptoms in humans caused by vesiculoviruses. The name is derived from Ancient Greek rhabdos, meaning rod, referring to the shape of the viral particles. [5] The family has 40 genera, most assigned to three subfamilies. [6]
Indiana vesiculovirus, formerly Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV or VSV) is a virus in the family Rhabdoviridae; the well-known Rabies lyssavirus belongs to the same family. VSIV can infect insects, cattle, horses and pigs. It has particular importance to farmers in certain regions of the world where it infects cattle.
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From 1977 to 2011, 961 cases of rabies were reported in Europe. 91% were EBLV-1. The rest of the cases were suspected to be EBLV-2 and all but 3 have been confirmed. The 3 unconfirmed cases resulted in the discovery of West Caucasian bat lyssavirus (WCBL) in southwest Russia in 2002 and the Bokeloh bat lyssavirus in Germany in 2010. [7]