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The dispute between the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire was mostly confined to the realm of diplomacy, never fully exploding into open war. This was probably mainly due to the great geographical distance separating the two empires; a large-scale campaign would have been infeasible to undertake for either emperor. [83]
This is a list of the wars or external conflicts fought during the history of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire (395–1453). For internal conflicts see the list of Byzantine revolts and civil wars. For conflicts of the Ancient Roman Kingdom, Republic and Empire see the: List of Roman wars and battles.
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the conditions that led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.
The Holy Roman Empire, [f] also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. [16] It developed in the Early Middle Ages , and lasted for a millennium until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars .
The later term Fulin (拂菻) has been identified by Friedrich Hirth and others as the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. Chinese sources describe several embassies of Fulin (Byzantine Empire) arriving in China during the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD) and also mention the siege of Constantinople by the forces of Muawiyah I in 674–678 AD.
The Byzantine Empire's history is generally periodised from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD. From the 3rd to 6th centuries, the Greek East and Latin West of the Roman Empire gradually diverged, marked by Diocletian's (r. 284–305) formal partition of its administration in 285, [1] the establishment of an eastern capital in Constantinople by Constantine I in 330, [n ...
This power struggle intensified with the death of Pope Honorius II, resulting in clashes among various Roman factions. [2] The death of Henry V in 1125 marked the end of the Salian dynasty at the head of the Holy Roman Empire. The new emperor, Lothaire of Supplinburg, was known for his loyalty to the Papacy.
Researchers agree that the Byzantine Jerusalem was based on the Roman city of Aelia Capitolina, characterized by two north–south streets: the Cardo, extending south from the Damascus Gate along the Tyropoeon Valley. [11] [12] [13] The religious center of the city was the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.