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Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. [1]
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]
Weak artificial intelligence (weak AI) is artificial intelligence that implements a limited part of the mind, or, as Artificial Narrow Intelligence, [1] [2] [3] is focused on one narrow task. Weak AI is contrasted with strong AI , which can be interpreted in various ways:
For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...
Double Q-learning [23] is an off-policy reinforcement learning algorithm, where a different policy is used for value evaluation than what is used to select the next action. In practice, two separate value functions Q A {\displaystyle Q^{A}} and Q B {\displaystyle Q^{B}} are trained in a mutually symmetric fashion using separate experiences.
Some models built via machine learning algorithms have over 90% accuracy in distinguishing between spam and legitimate emails. [16] These models can be refined using new data and evolving spam tactics. Machine learning also analyzes traits such as sender behavior, email header information, and attachment types, potentially enhancing spam detection.
Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) [11] is an XML dialect [12] for use with Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity (A.L.I.C.E.)-type chatterbots. Planner is a hybrid between procedural and logical languages. It gives a procedural interpretation to logical sentences where implications are interpreted with pattern-directed ...
OpenCog, a GPL-licensed framework for artificial intelligence written in C++, Python and Scheme. [15] PolyAnalyst: A commercial tool for data mining, text mining, and knowledge management. [89] RapidMiner, an environment for machine learning and data mining, now developed commercially. [90]