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Urolithin A is not known to be found in any food but rather forms as the result of transformation of ellagic acids and ellagitannins by the gut microflora in humans. [ citation needed ] Sources of ellagitannins are: pomegranates, nuts, some berries (raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, cloudberries), tea, muscadine grapes, many tropical ...
Assignment to a toxicity class is based typically on results of acute toxicity studies such as the determination of LD 50 values in animal experiments, notably rodents, via oral, inhaled, or external application. The experimental design measures the acute death rate of an agent.
Chemical structure of urolithin A.. Urolithins are microflora metabolites of dietary ellagic acid derivatives, such as ellagitannins. [1] They are produced in the gut, and found in the urine in the form of urolithin B glucuronide after absorption of ellagitannins-containing foods, such as pomegranate. [2]
Dermal Toxicity: LD 50 for acute dermal toxicity means that dose of the material which, administered by continuous contact for 24 hours with the shaved intact skin (avoiding abrading) of an albino rabbit, causes death within 14 days in half of the animals tested. The number of animals tested must be sufficient to give statistically valid ...
There are three levels of PAC value (1 to 3) where each successive value is associated with an increasingly severe effect from a higher level of exposure. Each level is defined as follows: PAC-1 : Mild, transient health effects. PAC-2 : Irreversible or other serious health effects that could impair the ability to take protective action.
In 40 CFR 156.62, the EPA established four Toxicity Categories for acute hazards of pesticide products, with "Category I" being the highest toxicity category (toxicity class). Most human hazard, precautionary statements, and human personal protective equipment statements are based upon the Toxicity Category of the pesticide product as sold or ...
The ellagitannins are a diverse class of hydrolyzable tannins, a type of polyphenol formed primarily from the oxidative linkage of galloyl groups in 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose. Ellagitannins differ from gallotannins , in that their galloyl groups are linked through C-C bonds, whereas the galloyl groups in gallotannins are linked by depside ...
Tier 2 banding is also incorporated into the NIOSH OEB e-tool but can take hours instead of minutes to complete for a given chemical. However, the resulting band is considered more robust than a Tier 1 band due to the in-depth retrieval of published data. [7] NIOSH recommends users complete at least the Tier 2 process to produce reliable OEBs.