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In February 2015, President François Hollande stressed the need for a nuclear deterrent in "a dangerous world". He also detailed the French deterrent as "fewer than 300" nuclear warheads, three sets of 16 submarine-launched ballistic missiles and 54 medium-range air-to-surface missiles and urged other states to show similar transparency. [60]
In Essentials of Post-Cold War Deterrence, the authors detail an explicit advocation of ambiguity regarding "what is permitted" for other nations and its endorsement of "irrationality" or, more precisely, the perception thereof as an important tool in deterrence and foreign policy. The document claims that the capacity of the United States, in ...
Writer George Orwell used cold war, as a general term, in his essay "You and the Atomic Bomb", published 19 October 1945.Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare, Orwell looked at James Burnham's predictions of a polarized world, writing:
The "nuclear umbrella" is a guarantee by a nuclear weapons state to defend a non-nuclear allied state.The context is usually the security alliances of the United States with Australia, [1] Japan, [2] South Korea, [3] the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (much of Europe, Turkey and Canada) and the Compact of Free Association (the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau).
Massive retaliation, also known as a massive response or massive deterrence, is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack. It is associated with the U.S. national security policy of the Eisenhower administration during the early stages of the Cold War.
Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATO's policy of nuclear deterrence, which allows member countries without nuclear weapons of their own to participate in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO. In particular, it provides for involvement of the armed forces of those countries in delivering nuclear weapons in the event of their use.
Countries build nuclear triads to eliminate an enemy's ability to destroy a nation's nuclear forces in a first-strike attack, which preserves their own ability to launch a second strike and therefore increases their nuclear deterrence. [2] [3] [4] Only four countries are known to have the nuclear triad: the United States, Russia, India, and China.
Graph of nuclear testing by year and country. From the first nuclear test in 1945, worldwide nuclear testing increased rapidly until the 1970s, when it peaked. [24] However, there was still a large amount of worldwide nuclear testing until the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. [24]