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Every complex linear space is also a real linear space (the latter underlies the former), since each complex number can be specified by two real numbers. For example, the complex plane treated as a one-dimensional complex linear space may be downgraded to a two-dimensional real linear space. In contrast, the real line can be treated as a one ...
One of the most fundamental two-dimensional spaces is the real coordinate space, denoted , consisting of pairs of real-number coordinates. Sometimes the space represents arbitrary quantities rather than geometric positions, as in the parameter space of a mathematical model or the configuration space of a physical system.
A linear space is a basic structure in incidence geometry. A linear space consists of a set of elements called points, and a set of elements called lines. Each line is a distinct subset of the points. The points in a line are said to be incident with the line. Each two points are in a line, and any two lines may have no more than one point in ...
An example is the number line, each point of which is described by a single real number. [1] Any straight line or smooth curve is a one-dimensional space, regardless of the dimension of the ambient space in which the line or curve is embedded. Examples include the circle on a plane, or a parametric space curve.
In fact, every metric space has a unique completion, which is a complete space that contains the given space as a dense subset. For example, [0, 1] is the completion of (0, 1) , and the real numbers are the completion of the rationals.
Euclidean space is the fundamental space of geometry, intended to represent physical space. Originally, in Euclid's Elements , it was the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry , but in modern mathematics there are Euclidean spaces of any positive integer dimension n , which are called Euclidean n -spaces when one wants to specify their ...
Here are equivalent characterizations of real trees which can be used as definitions: 1) (similar to trees as graphs) A real tree is a geodesic metric space which contains no subset homeomorphic to a circle. [1] 2) A real tree is a connected metric space (,) which has the four points condition [2] (see figure):
Special cases are called the real line R 1, the real coordinate plane R 2, and the real coordinate three-dimensional space R 3. With component-wise addition and scalar multiplication, it is a real vector space. The coordinates over any basis of the elements of a real vector space form a real coordinate space of the same dimension as that of the ...