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  2. Hydrochloric acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid

    An early exception was the Bonnington Chemical Works where, in 1830, the HCl began to be captured and the hydrochloric acid produced was used in making sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride). [24] After the passage of the act, soda ash producers were obliged to absorb the waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale.

  3. Nitrosyl chloride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosyl_chloride

    Nitrosyl chloride is the chemical compound with the formula NOCl. It is a yellow gas that is commonly encountered as a component of aqua regia, a mixture of 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1 part of concentrated nitric acid. It is a strong electrophile and oxidizing agent.

  4. Equivalent concentration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_concentration

    There are three common types of chemical reaction where normality is used as a measure of reactive species in solution: In acid-base chemistry, normality is used to express the concentration of hydronium ions (H 3 O +) or hydroxide ions (OH −) in a solution. Here, ⁠ 1 / f eq ⁠ is an integer value. Each solute can produce one or more ...

  5. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramethylammonium_hydroxide

    Illustrative is the preparation of tetramethylammonium fluoride: [6] NMe 4 + OH − + HF → NMe 4 + F − + H 2 O. Solutions of TMAH may be used to make other tetramethylammonium salts in metathesis reactions with ammonium (NH 4 +) salts. For example, tetramethylammonium thiocyanate may be prepared from ammonium thiocyanate as follows: [7]

  6. Hydrogen chloride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride

    The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula HCl and as such is a hydrogen halide. At room temperature, it is a colorless gas, which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid upon contact with atmospheric water vapor. Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are important in technology and industry.

  7. N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine

    The color intensity of the resulting solution is then measured by a colorimeter and checked against a calibration curve to determine the nitrite ion concentration. [ 4 ] To analyze nitrate concentrations quantitatively, the sample is first passed through a copper-cadmium column to reduce the nitrate ions quantitatively to nitrite ions, and the ...

  8. Chlorine production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_production

    Another method for producing small amounts of chlorine gas in a lab is by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid (typically about 5M) to sodium hypochlorite or sodium chlorate solution. Potassium permanganate can be used to generate chlorine gas when concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to it: 2KMn04 + 16HCl —> 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2

  9. Sodium chlorate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chlorate

    Sodium chlorate can be used with hydrochloric acid (or also sulfuric acid and sodium chloride, the reaction of which generates HCl) to chlorinate aromatic compounds without the use of organic solvents. In this case its function is to oxidize the HCl to obtain either HOCl or Cl 2 (depending upon the pH) in-situ which are the active chlorinating ...