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Earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by shares outstanding. Book value is another way of saying shareholders' equity. Therefore, book value per share is calculated by dividing equity by shares outstanding. Consequently, the formula for the Graham number can also be written as follows:
As a per share value: The balance sheet equity value is divided by the number of shares outstanding at the date of the balance sheet (not the average o/s in the period). As a diluted per share value: The equity is bumped up by the exercise price of the options, warrants or preferred shares. Then it is divided by the number of shares that has ...
The second way, using per-share values, is to divide the company's current share price by the book value per share (i.e. its book value divided by the number of outstanding shares). It is also known as the market-to-book ratio and the price-to-equity ratio (which should not be confused with the price-to-earnings ratio ), and its inverse is ...
It was proposed by investor and professor of Columbia University, Benjamin Graham - often referred to as the "father of value investing". [ 1 ] Published in his book, The Intelligent Investor , Graham devised the formula for lay investors to help them with valuing growth stocks, in vogue at the time of the formula's publication.
The clean surplus accounting method provides elements of a forecasting model that yields price as a function of earnings, expected returns, and change in book value. [1] [2] [3] The theory's primary use is to estimate the value of a company's shares (instead of discounted dividend/cash flow approaches).
A company's net current asset value (NCAV) can be calculated as: Net Current Asset Value (NCAV) = Total Current Assets - Total Liabilities. And a company's market cap is calculated as: Market Capitalization (MC) = Number of Shares Outstanding × Current Price per share If NCAV > MC then the stock is considered undervalued. [3] [4]
Further, value is recognized earlier under the RI approach, since a large part of the stock's intrinsic value is recognized immediately – current book value per share – and residual income valuations are thus less sensitive to terminal value. [4]
The equity ratio is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of equity used to finance a company's assets. The two components are often taken from the firm's balance sheet or statement of financial position (so-called book value), but the ratio may also be calculated using market values for both, if the company's equities are publicly traded.