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Metallic gold, in very small concentrations (around 0.001%, or 10 ppm), produces a rich ruby-colored glass ("Ruby Gold" or "Rubino Oro"), while lower concentrations produces a less intense red, often marketed as "cranberry". The color is caused by the size and dispersion of gold particles. Ruby gold glass is usually made of lead glass with ...
Cobalt glass—known as "smalt" when ground as a pigment—is a deep blue coloured glass prepared by including a cobalt compound, typically cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate, in a glass melt. Cobalt is a very intense colouring agent and very little is required to show a noticeable amount of colour.
The processes of chemical coloring of metals are as old as metalworking technology. Some of the earliest-known examples of colored metal objects are about 5,000 years old. They are bronze casts with some silver-colored parts, which originate from the Anatolian region. [2] Similar processes can be found on some ancient Egyptian copper sheets. [3]
Vintage cranberry glass bowl The beaker with lid made from Gold Ruby is attributed to Johann Kunckel. Cranberry glass or ' Gold Ruby ' glass is a red glass made by adding gold salts or colloidal gold to molten glass. Tin, in the form of stannous chloride, is sometimes added in tiny amounts as a reducing agent. The glass is used primarily in ...
A pendant made from modern dichroic glass. Dichroic glass is glass which can display multiple different colors depending on lighting conditions.. One dichroic material is a modern composite non-translucent glass that is produced by stacking layers of metal oxides which give the glass shifting colors depending on the angle of view, causing an array of colors to be displayed as an example of ...
Detail of 12th-century stained glass window in Strasbourg Cathedral; black and white paint has been used on the coloured glass. Secondly it refers to stained glass, used for windows. Here the design is made up using sheets of coloured glass, cut to shape and held in place by lead. The painting is the final stage, typically only in black. [2]
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The earliest recipes for oak gall ink come from Pliny the Elder, and are vague at best. Many famous and important manuscripts have been written using ferrous oak gall ink, including the Codex Sinaiticus, the oldest, most complete Bible currently known to exist, thought to be written in the middle of the fourth century. [7]