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Aspergillus penicillioides is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus, and is among the most xerophilic fungi. [1]Aspergillus penicillioides is typically found in indoor air, house dust, and on substrates with low water activity, such as dried food, papers affected by foxing, and inorganic objects such as binocular lenses. [2]
In 1975, Woolf et al. [32] proposed that the inherited disorder phenylketonuria protects against ochratoxin A poisoning through the production of high levels of phenylalanine. Ochratoxin is a competitive inhibitor of phenylalanine in the phenylalanyl-tRNA-synthetase-catalyzed reaction thus preventing protein synthesis, which can be reversed by ...
Aspergillus species are highly aerobic and are found in almost all oxygen-rich environments, where they commonly grow as molds on the surface of a substrate, as a result of the high oxygen tension. Commonly, fungi grow on carbon-rich substrates like monosaccharides (such as glucose ) and polysaccharides (such as amylose ).
Health problems associated with high levels of airborne mold spores include allergic reactions, asthma episodes, irritations of the eye, nose and throat, sinus congestion, and other respiratory problems. [22] Several studies and reviews have suggested that childhood exposure to dampness and mold might contribute to the development of asthma.
Aflatoxin M 1 is present in the fermentation broth of Aspergillus parasiticus, but it and aflatoxin M 2 are also produced when an infected liver metabolizes aflatoxin B 1 and B 2. Aflatoxin B 1 and B 2 (AFB), produced by A. flavus and A. parasiticus; Aflatoxin G 1 and G 2 (AFG), produced by some Group II A. flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus [19]
A rapidly invasive Aspergillus infection in the lungs often causes cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. [citation needed] Poorly controlled aspergillosis can disseminate through the blood to cause widespread organ damage. [2] Symptoms include fever, chills, shock, delirium, seizures, and blood clots.
Penitrem A (tremortin) is an indole-diterpenoid mycotoxin produced by certain species of Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Penicillium, which can be found growing on various plant species such as ryegrass. [1] Penitrem A is one of many secondary metabolites following the synthesis of paxilline in Penicillium crostosum. [2]
All are produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species. The three forms differ in that Ochratoxin B (OTB) is a nonchlorinated form of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and that Ochratoxin C (OTC) is an ethyl ester form Ochratoxin A. [18] Aspergillus ochraceus is found as a contaminant of a wide range of commodities including beverages such as beer and wine.