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Shoring is the process of temporarily supporting a building, vessel, structure, or trench with shores (props) when in danger of collapse or during repairs or alterations. Shoring comes from shore, a timber or metal prop. [1] Shoring may be vertical, angled, or horizontal.
Tiebacks to reinforce a slurry wall at Ground Zero, New York. In geotechnical engineering, a tieback is a structural element installed in soil or rock to transfer applied tensile load into the ground.
Trench shoring is the process of bracing the walls of a trench to prevent collapse and cave-ins. The phrase can also be used as a noun to refer to the materials used in the process. The phrase can also be used as a noun to refer to the materials used in the process.
Typical earthworks include road construction, railway beds, causeways, dams, levees, canals, and berms.Other common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize slopes.
Yet other systems use metal frame shoring towers, which the decks are attached to. Another common method is to attach the formwork decks to previously cast walls or columns, thus eradicating the use of vertical props altogether. In this method, adjustable support shoes are bolted through holes (sometimes tie holes) or attached to cast anchors.
Cribbing is usually accomplished with blocks of wood, often 4×4 (3 + 1 ⁄ 2 in or 89 mm) or 6×6 (5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in or 140 mm) and 18–24 in (460–610 mm) long.Soft woods, like spruce and pine, are often preferred because they crack slowly and make loud noises before completely failing, whereas stiffer woods may fail explosively and without warning.
A shaft may be either vertical or inclined (between 80 and 90 degrees to the horizontal), although most modern mine shafts are vertical. If access exists at the bottom of the proposed shaft, and ground conditions allow, then raise boring may be used to excavate the shaft from the bottom up; such shafts are called borehole shafts .
Tunnel Construction. Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.