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Firefly luciferase is the light-emitting enzyme responsible for the bioluminescence of fireflies and click beetles. The enzyme catalyses the oxidation of firefly luciferin , requiring oxygen and ATP .
Visual comfort probability (VCP), also known as Guth visual comfort probability, is a metric used to rate lighting scenes. VCP is defined as the percentage of people that will find a certain scene (viewpoint and direction) comfortable with regard to visual glare. [1] [2] It was defined by Sylvester K. Guth in 1963. [3] [4]
Different species of fireflies all use the same luciferin, however the color of the light emitted can differ greatly. The light from Photuris pennsylvanica was measured to be 552 nm (green-yellow) while Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus was measured to emit light at 582 nm (orange) in the ventral organ.
It is the substrate of beetle luciferases (EC 1.13.12.7) responsible for the characteristic yellow light emission from fireflies, though can cross-react to produce light with related enzymes from non-luminous species. [3] The chemistry is unusual, as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required for light emission, in addition to molecular oxygen. [4]
Most light we know produces heat, but bioluminescence does not, making it a ‘cold light’. That means less than 20% of the light produced via bioluminescence generates thermal radiation (heat).
A coefficient of utilization (CU) is a measure of the efficiency of a luminaire in transferring luminous energy to the working plane in a particular area. The CU is the ratio of luminous flux from a luminaire incident upon a work plane to that emitted by the lamps within the luminaire. As a ratio, the coefficient of utilization is unitless.
P. lucicrescens is a large firefly, with adults measuring 15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) long. They appear to be hunchbacked when viewed from the side. They have brown wing covers, or elytra, with wide light-colored side margins and stripes in the center of each side, starting from the shoulder and extending almost the entire length of the body.
In pseudocode the algorithm can be stated as: Begin 1) Objective function: (), = (,,...,); 2) Generate an initial population of fireflies (=,, …,);. 3) Formulate light intensity I so that it is associated with () (for example, for maximization problems, () or simply = ();) 4) Define absorption coefficient γ while (t < MaxGeneration) for i = 1 : n (all n fireflies) for j = 1 : i (n fireflies ...