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The global prevalence of bipolar disorder is estimated to be between 1-5% of the world's population. [7] While the causes of this mood disorder are not clearly understood, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. [4] Genetic factors may account for up to 70–90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder.
Bipolar disorder is a long-term mood disorder characterized by major fluctuations in mood — both high and low — that can impact daily functioning and behavior. Bipolar Disorder: 4 Types & What ...
Anxiety disorder comorbidity with bipolar disorder is common, as half of people with bipolar disorder are likely to be diagnosed with some form of anxiety disorder. [12] Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are also considered to be comorbid, [ 13 ] and it has been found that abnormalities in white matter, including the level of myelination and ...
Bipolar disorder is associated with elevated basal and dexamethasone elicited cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). These abnormalities are particularly prominent in mania, and are inversely associated with antipsychotic use. [97] The incidence of psychiatric symptoms associated with corticosteroids is between 6% and 32%.
Serotonin may indirectly influence mood by altering emotional processing biases that are seen at both the cognitive/behavioral and neural level. [40] [39] Pharmacologically reducing serotonin synthesis, and pharmacologically enhancing synaptic serotonin can produce and attenuate negative affective biases, respectively. These emotional ...
Bipolar I disorder requires confirmation of only 1 full manic episode for diagnosis, but may be associated with hypomanic and depressive episodes as well. [7] Diagnosis for bipolar II disorder does not include a full manic episode; instead, it requires the occurrence of both a hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode. [7]
Serotonin (/ ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t oʊ n ɪ n, ˌ s ɪər ə-/) [6] [7] [8] or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.Its biological function is complex, touching on diverse functions including mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.
The global estimated lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder among adults range from 1 to 3 percent. [63] The annual incidence is estimated to vary from 0.3 to 1.2 percent worldwide. [ 23 ] According to the World Mental Health Survey Initiative, the lifetime prevalence of BP-II was found to be 0.4%, with a 12-month prevalence of 0.3%. [ 64 ]
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