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The problem of points, also called the problem of division of the stakes, is a classical problem in probability theory.One of the famous problems that motivated the beginnings of modern probability theory in the 17th century, it led Blaise Pascal to the first explicit reasoning about what today is known as an expected value.
Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations , probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms .
The Game of Probability. Literature and Calculation from Pascal and Kleist. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804768641. Collani, Elart von (2006), "Jacob Bernoulli Deciphered", Newsletter of the Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 13 (2) Daston, Lorraine (1988).
Blaise Pascal [a] (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer.. Pascal was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen.
Philosopher Nick Bostrom argues that Pascal's mugging, like Pascal's wager, suggests that giving a superintelligent artificial intelligence a flawed decision theory could be disastrous. [10] Pascal's mugging may also be relevant when considering low-probability, high-stakes events such as existential risk or charitable interventions with a low ...
In statistics, a sampling distribution or finite-sample distribution is the probability distribution of a given random-sample-based statistic.For an arbitrarily large number of samples where each sample, involving multiple observations (data points), is separately used to compute one value of a statistic (for example, the sample mean or sample variance) per sample, the sampling distribution is ...
Different texts (and even different parts of this article) adopt slightly different definitions for the negative binomial distribution. They can be distinguished by whether the support starts at k = 0 or at k = r, whether p denotes the probability of a success or of a failure, and whether r represents success or failure, [1] so identifying the specific parametrization used is crucial in any ...
1654 – Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat create the mathematical theory of probability, 1657 – Chistiaan Huygens's De ratiociniis in ludo aleae is the first book on mathematical probability, 1662 – John Graunt's Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality makes inferences from statistical data on deaths in London,