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Intercalated discs are complex structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells. The three types of cell junction recognised as making up an intercalated disc are desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and gap junctions. [2] Fascia adherens are anchoring sites for actin, and connect to the closest sarcomere. [3]
The cells that make up the SA node are specialized cardiomyocytes known as pacemaker cells that can spontaneously generate cardiac action potentials. These signals are propagated through the heart's electrical conduction system. [1] [2] Only one percent of the heart muscle cells are conductive, the rest of the cardiomyocytes are contractile.
T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration.
used to correct abnormal electrical activity of the heart like when terminating a fibrillation: Vascular stents: used to mechanically open up a coronary artery occlusion, generally due to atherosclerosis: Pacemaker: used to correct the hearts rate and rhythm
used in mastoid surgeries to retract overlying tissues Staecke's guide and protector: used in mastoid surgeries Chisel: removing parts of bones Mastoid gouge: removing parts of mastoid bones MacEwen's cell seeker with curette: used to curette within the mastoid Lempert's curette or scoop: removing parts of the nasal septum: Killian's nasal bone ...
Cellular cardiomyoplasty is a method which augments myocardial function and cardiac output by directly growing new muscle cells in the damaged myocardium (heart muscle). ). Tissue engineering, which is now being categorized as a form of regenerative medicine, can be defined as biomedical engineering to reconstruct, repair, and improve biological tis
The conduction system consists of specialized heart muscle cells, situated within the myocardium. [3] There is a skeleton of fibrous tissue that surrounds the conduction system which can be seen on an ECG. Dysfunction of the conduction system can cause irregular heart rhythms including rhythms that are too fast or too slow.
The action potential passes along the cell membrane causing the cell to contract, therefore the activity of the sinoatrial node results in a resting heart rate of roughly 60–100 beats per minute. All cardiac muscle cells are electrically linked to one another, by intercalated discs which allow the action potential to pass from one cell to the ...