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Similarly, many class 14 nouns with stems beginning with vowels cause the prefix to palatalize to [ʒ] [bʊ] bo + [ɑŋ̩]-ang → [ʒʷɑŋ̩] jwang ('grass' c.f. Proto-Bantu *-janî) Often if the stem of a class 1 or 3 noun is derived from a verb beginning with /b/, the /b/ is absorbed by the /m/ (the vowel is elided) to become [m̩m]
Noun class 1 refers to mass nouns, collective nouns, and abstract nouns. examples: вода 'water', любовь 'love' Noun class 2 refers to items with which the eye can focus on and must be non-active examples: дом 'house', школа 'school' Noun class 3 refers to non-humans that are active. examples: рыба 'fish', чайка 'seagull'
Additionally, in slightly non-standard speech, absolute pronouns may be inflected to form adverbs meaning "on X's own" by prefixing the instrumental ka-and the class 14 noun prefix bo-to the pronoun. seo o se entseng ka bowena ('that which you did on your own') [se'ʊʊsɪ'en̩t͡sʼeŋ̩kʼɑbʊwɛnɑ]
Greek πτῡ́ω (ptū́ō), to spit up, disgorge; + -σις (-sis), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process hemoptysis, the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes pulmon-, pulmo-of or relating to the lungs: Latin pulmō, a lung pulmonary py-pus: Greek πύον (púon), pus pyometra ...
Nouns are also created by converting verbs and adjectives, as with the words talk and reading (a boring talk, the assigned reading). Nouns are sometimes classified semantically (by their meanings) as proper and common nouns (Cyrus, China vs frog, milk) or as concrete and abstract nouns (book, laptop vs embarrassment, prejudice). [4]
English nouns primarily function as the heads of noun phrases, which prototypically function at the clause level as subjects, objects, and predicative complements. These phrases are the only English phrases whose structure includes determinatives and predeterminatives, which add abstract-specifying meaning such as definiteness and proximity.
Exceptions include proper nouns, which typically are not translated, and kinship terms, which may be too complex to translate. Proper nouns/names may simply be repeated in the gloss, or may be replaced with a placeholder such as "(name. F)" or "PN(F)" (for a female name). For kinship glosses, see the dedicated section below for a list of ...
These other parts of speech receive their own prefix, matching in class with the noun, though the prefixes themselves are not quite the same: umfana omkhulu, 'big boy' isihlahla esikhulu, 'large tree' In terms of meaning, groups of similar nouns tend to belong to similar noun classes. For example, names and surnames are only found in class 1a.