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Every digit of the root found is known to be correct, i.e., it does not have to be changed later. If the square root has an expansion that terminates, the algorithm terminates after the last digit is found. Thus, it can be used to check whether a given integer is a square number.
Based on these restrictions, the number of candidates for n-digit numbers with record-breaking persistence is only proportional to the square of n, a tiny fraction of all possible n-digit numbers. However, any number that is missing from the sequence above would have multiplicative persistence > 11; such numbers are believed not to exist, and ...
In computer science and numerical analysis, unit in the last place or unit of least precision (ulp) is the spacing between two consecutive floating-point numbers, i.e., the value the least significant digit (rightmost digit) represents if it is 1. It is used as a measure of accuracy in numeric calculations. [1]
The functions that operate on integers, such as abs, labs, div, and ldiv, are instead defined in the <stdlib.h> header (<cstdlib> header in C++). Any functions that operate on angles use radians as the unit of angle. [1] Not all of these functions are available in the C89 version of the standard. For those that are, the functions accept only ...
Based on these restrictions, the number of candidates for -digit numbers with record-breaking persistence is only proportional to the square of , a tiny fraction of all possible -digit numbers. However, any number that is missing from the sequence above would have multiplicative persistence > 11; such numbers are believed not to exist, and ...
if the last digit of a number is 2 or 8, its square ends in an even digit followed by a 4; if the last digit of a number is 3 or 7, its square ends in an even digit followed by a 9; if the last digit of a number is 4 or 6, its square ends in an odd digit followed by a 6; and; if the last digit of a number is 5, its square ends in 25.
There is also the issue of printing the result in base ten, for human consideration. Because the base is already ten, the result could be shown simply by printing the successive digits of array digit, but they would appear with the highest-order digit last (so that 123 would appear as "321"). The whole array could be printed in reverse order ...
Digit sums and digital roots can be used for quick divisibility tests: a natural number is divisible by 3 or 9 if and only if its digit sum (or digital root) is divisible by 3 or 9, respectively. For divisibility by 9, this test is called the rule of nines and is the basis of the casting out nines technique for checking calculations.