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  2. Log probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability

    The logarithm function is not defined for zero, so log probabilities can only represent non-zero probabilities. Since the logarithm of a number in (,) interval is negative, often the negative log probabilities are used. In that case the log probabilities in the following formulas would be inverted.

  3. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

    The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e 1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e 0 = 1. The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a [4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many ...

  4. Negative probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_probability

    The idea of negative probabilities later received increased attention in physics and particularly in quantum mechanics. Richard Feynman argued [ 2 ] that no one objects to using negative numbers in calculations: although "minus three apples" is not a valid concept in real life, negative money is valid.

  5. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    As a consequence, log b (x) diverges to infinity (gets bigger than any given number) if x grows to infinity, provided that b is greater than one. In that case, log b (x) is an increasing function. For b < 1, log b (x) tends to minus infinity instead. When x approaches zero, log b x goes to minus infinity for b > 1 (plus infinity for b < 1 ...

  6. Common logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_logarithm

    Positive numbers less than 1 have negative logarithms. For example, ⁡ = ⁡ = + ⁡ + = To avoid the need for separate tables to convert positive and negative logarithms back to their original numbers, one can express a negative logarithm as a negative integer characteristic plus a positive mantissa.

  7. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

    For example, two numbers can be multiplied just by using a logarithm table and adding. These are often known as logarithmic properties, which are documented in the table below. [2] The first three operations below assume that x = b c and/or y = b d, so that log b (x) = c and log b (y) = d. Derivations also use the log definitions x = b log b (x ...

  8. Bitter cold winter temperatures are on their way out, but ...

    www.aol.com/bitter-cold-winter-temperatures-way...

    Yes we know the calendar still says it's fall, but if you're already sick of winter's cold, there is some good news on the way: The bitter Arctic blast that's overspread much of the central ...

  9. Complex logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_logarithm

    On the region consisting of complex numbers that are not negative real numbers or 0, the function ⁡ is the analytic continuation of the natural logarithm. The values on the negative real line can be obtained as limits of values at nearby complex numbers with positive imaginary parts.