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Among these was the use of liquid nitrogen for cooling the CMOS-based CPUs. The ETA10 successfully met the company's initial goals (10 GFLOPS), with some models achieving a cycle time of about 7 ns (143 MHz) - considered rapid by mid-1980s standards. They delivered seven liquid nitrogen-cooled versions and 27 smaller, air-cooled versions.
A Cray-2 and its Fluorinert-cooling "waterfall", formerly serial number 2101, the only 8-processor system ever made, for NERSC A Cray-2 operated by NASA Front view of 1985 Supercomputer Cray-2, Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris Side view of 1985 Supercomputer Cray-2, Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris Detail of the upper part of the Cray-2 Inside of the Cray-2
In a typical installation of liquid nitrogen cooling, a copper or aluminium pipe is mounted on top of the processor or graphics card. After the system has been heavily insulated against condensation, the liquid nitrogen is poured into the pipe, resulting in temperatures well below −100 °C (−148 °F).
In January 2021, a line carrying liquid nitrogen ruptured at a poultry processing plant in the U.S. state of Georgia, killing six people and injuring 11 others. [19] Because of its extremely low temperature, careless handling of liquid nitrogen and any objects cooled by it may result in cold burns. In that case, special gloves should be used ...
These worked, however the high cost of liquid helium cooling made them too expensive for most applications. More recently AC synchronous superconducting machines have been made with ceramic rotor conductors that exhibit high-temperature superconductivity. These have liquid nitrogen cooled ceramic superconductors in their rotors. The ceramic ...
Nevertheless, the product was one of the fastest computers on the market, and 7 liquid nitrogen-cooled and 27 smaller air cooled versions of the computers were sold during the next few years. They used the new CMOS chips, which produced much less heat.
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The research program was first termed to be: "Direct use of waste heat from liquid-cooled supercomputers: the path to energy saving, emission-high performance computers and data centers." The waste heat produced by the cooling system is able to be recycled back in the building's heating system, potentially saving money.