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Another more recent phenomenon discovered via this approach is the Bose–Einstein correlation between particles and antiparticles [citation needed]. The wave function of two identical particles is symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to the permutation of the two particles, depending whether one considers identical bosons or identical fermions.
Bose's "error" leads to what is now called Bose–Einstein statistics. Bose and Einstein extended the idea to atoms and this led to the prediction of the existence of phenomena which became known as Bose–Einstein condensate, a dense collection of bosons (which are particles with integer spin, named after Bose), which was demonstrated to exist ...
The thermodynamics of an ideal Bose gas is best calculated using the grand canonical ensemble.The grand potential for a Bose gas is given by: = = (). where each term in the sum corresponds to a particular single-particle energy level ε i; g i is the number of states with energy ε i; z is the absolute activity (or "fugacity"), which may also be expressed in terms of the chemical ...
A second-order correlation coefficient of 1 means that photons in coherent states are uncorrelated. Hanbury Brown and Twiss studied the correlation behavior of photons emitted from a thermal, incoherent source described by Bose–Einstein statistics. The variance of the Bose–Einstein distribution is
Bose–Einstein correlations have been observed between pions, kaons and photons, and Fermi–Dirac (anti)correlations between protons, neutrons and electrons. For a general introduction in this field, see the textbook on Bose–Einstein correlations by Richard M. Weiner. [5]
Using a witness for Bell correlations derived from a multi-partite Bell inequality, physicists at the University of Basel were able to conclude for the first time Bell correlation in a many-body system composed by about 480 atoms in a Bose–Einstein condensate. Even though loopholes were not closed, this experiment shows the possibility of ...
Photon statistics is the theoretical and experimental study of the statistical distributions produced in photon counting experiments, which use photodetectors to analyze the intrinsic statistical nature of photons in a light source.
The same team demonstrated in 2017 the first creation of a Bose–Einstein condensate in space [73] and it is also the subject of two upcoming experiments on the International Space Station. [74] [75] Researchers in the new field of atomtronics use the properties of Bose–Einstein condensates in the emerging quantum technology of matter-wave ...