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Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacteria Leptospira [8] that can infect humans, dogs, rodents and many other wild and domesticated animals. [8] Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild ( headaches , muscle pains , and fevers ) to severe ( bleeding in the lungs or meningitis ). [ 5 ]
Leptospirosis is treated with the antibiotics doxycycline and penicillin. [28] There are more than 200 diverse pathogenic Leptospira serovars, making it challenging to develop an effective vaccine. [31] However, vaccines for the serovars known as Hardjo, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa and icterohaemorrhagiae have been developed.
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[31] [32] Fatty acids are provided in EMJH in the form of Tween. [30] Fatty acid molecules are bound by albumin in EMJH and are released slowly into the medium to prevent its toxic accumulation. Like most bacteria, Leptospira require iron for growth. [33] L. interrogans and L. biflexa have the ability to acquire iron in different forms. [34]
Example Polish call for vaccination against Diphtheria and Tetanus. Global vaccination coverage 1980 to 2019 among one year olds [1]. A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence.
PCV13 is a series of 4 shots given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. The last is given between 12 and 15 months of age. Side effects of this vaccine may include: [2] about half the children become drowsy; temporary loss of appetite; redness or tenderness at injection site; 1 in 3 have swelling at injection site; about 1 in 3 have mild fever
An increasing number of children are undervaccinated, of whom an estimated 13% or more are believed to be so because of parental choice. [15] One survey, published in Vaccine, found that 9.4% of parents in King County, Washington used an alternative vaccine schedule, [1] while another survey found that more than 1 out of 10 parents of children aged between 6 months and 6 years used an ...
Until the 1880s vaccine/vaccination referred only to smallpox, but Louis Pasteur developed immunization methods for chicken cholera and anthrax in animals and for human rabies, and suggested that the terms vaccine/vaccination should be extended to cover the new procedures. This can cause confusion if care is not taken to specify which vaccine ...