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English orthography comprises the set of rules used when writing the English language, [1] [2] allowing readers and writers to associate written graphemes with the sounds of spoken English, as well as other features of the language. [3] English's orthography includes norms for spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and ...
Endings -ize/-ise, -ism, -ist, -ish usually do not double the l in British English; for example, devilish, dualism, normalise, and novelist. Exceptions: duellist, medallist, panellist, tranquillise, and sometimes triallist in British English. For -ous, British English has a single l in scandalous and perilous, but the "ll" in libellous and ...
This L-vocalization established a pattern that would influence the spelling pronunciations of some relatively more recent loanwords like Balt, Malta, waltz, Yalta, and polder. It also influenced English spelling reform efforts, explaining the American English mold and molt vs. the traditional mould and moult.
The Middle-Welsh LL ligature. [1]Unicode: U+1EFA and U+1EFB.. In Welsh, ll stands for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative sound (IPA: [ɬ]).This sound is very common in place names in Wales because it occurs in the word llan, for example, Llanelli, where the ll appears twice, or Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, where (in the long version of the name) the ll appears five times – with two instances of ...
Traditional Spelling Revised (TSR) is a conservative English-language spelling reform which seeks to apply the underlying rules of English orthography more consistently. [1] It was created by Stephen Linstead and chosen by the International English Spelling Congres (IESC) as the preferred alternative to the defective English orthography in ...
The spelling vu (parvus, vivunt) is post-classical, made in order to become regular in spelling. [51] [52] X [k͡s] A letter representing c + s , as well as g + s : as x in English axe. Z [d͡z ~ zː] As in zoom, never as in pizza (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek ζ .
More extensive L-vocalization is a notable feature of certain dialects of English, including Cockney, Estuary English, New York English, New Zealand English, Pittsburgh English, Philadelphia English and Australian English, in which an /l/ sound occurring at the end of a word (but usually not when the next word begins with a vowel and is pronounced without a pause) or before a consonant is ...
A prominent feature of the colonial orthography created by John Eliot (later used in the first Bible printed in the Americas, the Massachusett-language Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God, published in 1663) was the use of the double-o ligature ꝏ to represent the /u/ of food as opposed to the /ʊ/ of hook (although Eliot himself used oo ...