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Bell, P.M.H. France and Britain, 1900–1940: Entente and Estrangement (1996) Brandenburg, Erich. (1927) From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914 (1927) online Archived 2017-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. Brogan, D.W. The development of modern France (1870–1939) (1949) pp 432–62.online free
The Battle of the Frontiers is a general name for all of the operations of the French armies until the Battle of the Marne. [1] A series of encounter battles began between the German, French and Belgian armies on the German–French frontier and in southern Belgium on 4 August 1914.
On the night of 26 August 1914, the Allies withdrew from Le Cateau to St. Quentin. [10] With retreat all along the line, the commander-in-chief of the French forces, Joseph Joffre, needed the Fifth Army (General Charles Lanrezac) to hold off the German advance with a counter-attack, despite a 4 mi (6.4 km) separation from the French Fourth Army on the right flank and the continual retreat of ...
The Western Front comprised the fractious borders between France, Germany, and the neighboring countries. It was infamous for the nature of the fight that developed there; after almost a full year of inconclusive fighting, the front had become a giant trench line stretching from one end of Europe to the other. [1] 1914. Battle of Liège
The Battle of Lorraine (14 August – 7 September 1914) was a battle on the Western Front during the First World War.The armies of France and Germany had completed their mobilisation, the French with Plan XVII, to conduct an offensive through Lorraine and Alsace into Germany and the Germans with Aufmarsch II West, for an offensive in the north through Luxembourg and Belgium into France ...
After the failure of the French offensives in the Battle of Lorraine on 20 August 1914, the French Second Army (General Noël de Castelnau) received orders from the French commander in chief, Joseph Joffre, on 22 August, to retreat to the Grand Couronné, heights near Nancy, on an arc from Pont-à-Mousson to Champenoux, Lunéville and Dombasle-sur-Meurthe and defend the position at all costs. [1]
The most persistent episodes of collective indiscipline involved a relatively small number of French divisions; the mutinies did not threaten a complete military collapse. Because of the low morale in more than half of the French Army, it took until the early months of 1918 for the French Army fully to recover. [17]
The battle was part of a French attempt to recover the province of Alsace, which France had ceded to the new empire following its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. The French occupied Mulhouse on 8 August and were then forced out by German counter-attacks on 10 August.