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Pourbaix diagram of iron. [1] The Y axis corresponds to voltage potential. In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E H –pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system.
For example, with pH titration data, if pH is measured to 2 decimal places, the errors of log 10 β should not be much larger than 0.01. In exploratory work where the nature of the species present is not known in advance, several different chemical models may be tested and compared.
This equation is the equation of a straight line for as a function of pH with a slope of () volt (pH has no units). This equation predicts lower E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} at higher pH values. This is observed for the reduction of O 2 into H 2 O, or OH − , and for reduction of H + into H 2 .
To use potentiometric (e.m.f.) measurements in monitoring the + concentration in place of readings, one can trivially set [+] = and apply the same equations as above, where is the offset correction /, and is a slope correction / (1/59.2 pH units/mV at 25°C), such that replaces .
PH 3 (g) -0.111 3 [10] C CO 2 (g) + 2 H + + 2 e −: ⇌ HCOOH(aq) -0.11 2 Se Se(s) + 2 H + + 2 e −: ⇌ H 2 Se (g) -0.11 2 [6]: 790 C CO 2 (g) + 2 H + + 2 e −: ⇌ CO(g) + H 2 O-0.11 2 Sn: α-SnO(s) + 2 H + + 2 e −: ⇌: Sn(s) + H 2 O-0.104: 2 [6]: 788 Cu Cu(NH 3) + 2 + e −: ⇌ Cu(s) + 2 NH 3 (aq) -0.1 1 [13] Nb: Nb 2 O 5 (s) + 10 H ...
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The pH range is commonly given as zero to 14, but a pH value can be less than 0 for very concentrated strong acids or greater than 14 for very concentrated strong bases. [2] The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. [3]