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An elevated anion gap (i.e. > 16 mmol/L) indicates the presence of excess 'unmeasured' anions, such as lactic acid in anaerobic metabolism resulting from tissue hypoxia, glycolic and formic acid produced by the metabolism of toxic alcohols, ketoacids produced when acetyl-CoA undergoes ketogenesis rather than entering the tricarboxylic (Krebs ...
The fractional excretion of sodium (FE Na) is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney which is excreted in the urine.It is measured in terms of plasma and urine sodium, rather than by the interpretation of urinary sodium concentration alone, as urinary sodium concentrations can vary with water reabsorption.
Large anion gap acidosis is usually present during the initial stage of poisoning. However, acidosis has a large number of differential diagnoses , including poisoning from methanol, salicylates , iron , isoniazid , paracetamol , theophylline , or from conditions such as uremia or diabetic and alcoholic ketoacidosis .
The use of acidosis for a low pH creates an ambiguity in its meaning. The difference is important where a patient has factors causing both acidosis and alkalosis, wherein the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high, low, or normal pH. [citation needed] Alkalemia occurs at a pH over 7.45.
In medicine, the urea-to-creatinine ratio (UCR [1]), known in the United States as BUN-to-creatinine ratio, is the ratio of the blood levels of urea (mmol/L) and creatinine (Cr) (μmol/L).
Mean platelet volume (MPV) 7.2, [147] 7.4, [148] 7.5 [149] 10.4, [148] 11.5, [149] 11.7 [147] fL: Prothrombin time (PT) 10, [18] 11, [14] [150] 12 [15] 13, [18] 13.5, [150] 14, [15] 15 [14] s: PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised INR: 0.9 [5] 1.2 [5] The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal ...
Voltage-gated proton channels are ion channels that have the unique property of opening with depolarization, but in a strongly pH-sensitive manner. [1] The result is that these channels open only when the electrochemical gradient is outward, such that their opening will only allow protons to leave cells.
A crystal structure for the analogous diphenylmethanide anion ([Li(12-crown-4)] + [CHPh 2] −), prepared form diphenylmethane (pK a in DMSO of CH 2 Ph 2 = 32.3), was also obtained. However, the attempted isolation of a complex of the benzyl anion PhCH − 2 from toluene (p K a in DMSO of CH 3 Ph ≈ 43) was unsuccessful, due to rapid reaction ...