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A terpene is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon based on combinations of the isoprene unit. Terpenoids are compounds related to terpenes, which may include some oxygen functionality or some rearrangement, however the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Terpenoids are modified terpenes, [7] wherein methyl groups have been moved or removed, or oxygen atoms added. Some authors use the term "terpene" more broadly, to include the terpenoids. Just like terpenes, the terpenoids can be classified according to the number of isoprene units that comprise the parent terpene:
The term terpene was coined in 1866 by the German chemist August Kekulé to denote all hydrocarbons having the empirical formula C 10 H 16, of which camphene was one. Previously, many hydrocarbons having the empirical formula C 10 H 16 had been called "camphene", but many other hydrocarbons of the same composition had had different names.
For example, sabinene contributes to the spicy taste of black pepper, 3-carene gives cannabis an earthy taste and smell, citral has a lemon-like pleasant odor and contributes to the distinctive smell of citrus fruits, and thujene and carvacrol are responsible for the pungent flavors of summer savory and oregano, respectively.
orange pigments . α-Carotene – to vitamin A carrots, pumpkins, maize, tangerine, orange.; β-Carotene – to vitamin A dark, leafy greens, red, orange and yellow fruits and vegetables.
The following table lists the largest biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies ranked by revenue in billion USD. The change column indicates the company's relative position in this list compared to its relative position in the preceding year; i.e., an increase would be moving closer to rank 1 and vice versa.
The vast heterogeneity of structures underlying this class of compounds makes generalizations difficult; they're a subclass of terpenoids, oxygenated derivatives of terpene hydrocarbons. Terpenes in turn are formally made up of five-carbon isoprene units (The alternate steroid base is a terpene missing a few carbon atoms). Derivatives are ...
This listing is limited to those independent companies and subsidiaries notable enough to have their own articles in Wikipedia. Both going concerns and defunct firms are included, as well as firms that were part of the pharmaceutical industry at some time in their existence, provided they were engaged in the production of human (as opposed to veterinary) therapeutics.