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Characterology (from Ancient Greek χαρακτήρ 'character' and ‑λογία, ‑logia) is the academic study of character which was prominent in German-speaking countries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [1] [2] It is considered a historic branch of personality psychology, which extended into psychoanalysis and sociology. [3]
A character structure is a system of secondary traits manifested in the specific ways that an individual relates and reacts to others, to various kinds of stimuli, and to the environment.
Physiognomy as a practice meets the contemporary definition of pseudoscience [1] [2] [3] and is regarded as such by academics because of its unsupported claims; popular belief in the practice of physiognomy is nonetheless still widespread and modern advances in artificial intelligence have sparked renewed interest in the field of study.
Reich argues that character structures were organizations of resistance with which individuals avoided facing their neuroses: different character structures — whether schizoid, oral, psychopathic, masochistic, hysterical, compulsive, narcissistic, or rigid — were sustained biologically as body types by unconscious muscular contraction.
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National character refers to a characteristic common personality of the people of a nation. [1] [2] National character has been studied within the fields of anthropology, sociology, and psychology. [3]
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Julius Friedrich August Bahnsen (30 March 1830 – 7 December 1881) was a German philosopher.Bahnsen is usually considered the originator of characterology and a real-dialectical method of philosophical reflection which he laid down in his two-volume Contributions to Characterology (1867) and developed forth with his following works, amongst others his magnum opus The Contradiction in the ...