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The Department of Labor and Industries was created by an act of the state legislature in 1921, overseeing industrial insurance, worker safety, and industrial relations. [2] [3] The new agency superseded the Bureau of Labor, created in 1901 to inspect workplaces, and minor state boards and commissions monitoring worker health, safety, and insurance claims.
Below is a list of 526 cities sorted by their annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m 3) in 2022. [1] [2] By default the least polluted cities which have fewest particulates in the air come first.
While an AQI of 50 from day 1 to 182 and AQI of 100 from day 183 to 365 does provide an annual average of 75, it does not mean the pollution is acceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe. Because the benchmark is a 24-hour target, and the annual average must match the annual target, it is entirely possible to have safe air every day ...
Additionally, any remaining emissions by 2050 (up to 5% of 1990 levels or 5 million metric tons) must be offset, effectively making the state's energy carbon neutral. The state government limits starting with 2030 were changed to match the overall state limits, while still continuing the use of 2005 as a baseline, as opposed to 1990.
Washington Initiative 732 (I-732) was a ballot initiative in 2016 to levy a carbon tax in the State of Washington, and simultaneously reduce the state sales tax. It was rejected 59.2% to 40.8%. [1] The measure appeared on the November 2016 ballot. [2] The backers of I-732 submitted roughly 350,000 signatures in December 2015 to certify the ...
Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5, was found to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. [41] These aquatic invertebrates include fish, crustaceans, and Mollusca. In a study by Han et al, the effects of PM<2.5 micrometers on life history traits and oxidative stress were observed in Tigriopus japonicus.
The guidelines stipulate that PM 2.5 should not exceed 5 μg/m 3 annual mean, or 15 μg/m 3 24-hour mean; and that PM 10 should not exceed 15 μg/m 3 annual mean, or 45 μg/m 3 24-hour mean. [2] For ozone (O 3 ), the guidelines suggest values no higher than 100 μg/m 3 for an 8-hour mean and 60 μg/m 3 peak season mean. [ 2 ]
A 2017 study in the American Economic Review found that the NO x Budget Trading Program decreased NO x emissions and ambient ozone concentrations. [66] The program reduced expenditures on medicine by about 1.5% ($800 million annually) and reduced the mortality rate by up to 0.5% (2,200 fewer premature deaths, mainly among individuals 75 and ...